Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
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Майя Пономаренко
Microbiologists have been growing microbes on agar plates for nearly 150 years, but agar’s discovery dates back to a happy accident in a mid-17th-century kitchen. Legend has it that on a cold winter day, a Japanese innkeeper cooked tokoroten soup, a Chinese agar seaweed recipe known in Japan for centuries. After the meal, the innkeeper discarded the leftovers outside and noticed the next morning that the sun had turned the defrosting jelly into a porous mass. Intrigued, the innkeeper was said to have boiled the substance again, reconstituting the jelly. Since this discovery, agar has become a staple in many Japanese desserts, from yokan to anmitsu.